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ECCouncil Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13) Sample Questions (Q143-Q148):

NEW QUESTION # 143
During a black-box pen test you attempt to pass IRC traffic over port 80/TCP from a compromised web enabled host. The traffic gets blocked; however, outbound HTTP traffic is unimpeded. What type of firewall is inspecting outbound traffic?

Answer: D

Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an application layer protocol that facilitates communication in text. The chat process works on a client/server networking model. IRC clients are computer programs that users can install on their system or web-based applications running either locally in the browser or on a third-party server.
These clients communicate with chat servers to transfer messages to other clients.
IRC is a plaintext protocol that is officially assigned port 194, according to IANA. However, running the service on this port requires running it with root-level permissions, which is inadvisable. As a result, the well- known port for IRC is 6667, a high-number port that does not require elevated privileges. However, an IRC server can also be configured to run on other ports as well.
You can't tell if an IRC server is designed to be malicious solely based on port number. Still, if you see an IRC server running on port a WKP such as 80, 8080, 53, 443, it's almost always going to be malicious; the only real reason for IRCD to be running on port 80 is to try to evade firewalls.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_firewall
An application firewall is a form of firewall that controls input/output or system calls of an application or service. It operates by monitoring and blocking communications based on a configured policy, generally with predefined rule sets to choose from. The application firewall can control communications up to the OSI model's application layer, which is the highest operating layer, and where it gets its name. The two primary categories of application firewalls are network-based and host-based.
Application layer filtering operates at a higher level than traditional security appliances. This allows packet decisions to be made based on more than just source/destination IP Addresses or ports. It can also use information spanning across multiple connections for any given host.
Network-based application firewalls
Network-based application firewalls operate at the application layer of a TCP/IP stack. They can understand certain applications and protocols such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Domain Name System (DNS), or Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This allows it to identify unwanted applications or services using a non- standard port or detect if an allowed protocol is being abused.
Host-based application firewalls
A host-based application firewall monitors application system calls or other general system communication.
This gives more granularity and control but is limited to only protecting the host it is running on. Control is applied by filtering on a per-process basis. Generally, prompts are used to define rules for processes that have not yet received a connection. Further filtering can be done by examining the process ID of the owner of the data packets. Many host-based application firewalls are combined or used in conjunction with a packet filter.


NEW QUESTION # 144
Which access control mechanism allows for multiple systems to use a central authentication server (CAS) that permits users to authenticate once and gain access to multiple systems?

Answer: D

Explanation:
In CEH v13 Module 05: System Hacking, and Module 14: Access Control, Identity Management, and Cryptography, Single Sign-On (SSO) is defined as a system that allows users to authenticate once and gain access to multiple systems without re-entering credentials.
SSO uses a Central Authentication Server (CAS).
Common technologies: Kerberos, OAuth, SAML, AD Federation Services.
Improves user convenience and centralized credential management.
Reference:
CEH v13 Module 14 - Identity and Access Management Concepts
CEH iLabs: SSO Architecture Demonstration


NEW QUESTION # 145
During a security assessment in San Francisco, an ethical hacker is tasked with evaluating a network's resilience against stealthy reconnaissance attempts. The hacker needs to employ a scanning technique that leverages TCP flags to evade detection by intrusion detection systems, relying on the target's response behavior to infer port states without completing a full connection. Which approach best aligns with this strategy, ensuring minimal visibility during the assessment?

Answer: C

Explanation:
A FIN scan is a classic "stealth" TCP scan technique discussed in CEH network scanning methodology.
Unlike a TCP Connect scan, which completes the full three-way handshake and is highly visible in logs, a FIN scan sends a TCP packet with only the FIN flag set to a target port. The scan then interprets the target's response to infer whether the port is open or closed, without establishing a normal TCP session. This matches the scenario's requirement to "infer port states without completing a full connection" and to keep visibility low.
The logic relies on expected TCP behavior defined for many TCP/IP stacks. For a closed port, the target typically responds with an RST packet, indicating there is no service listening. For an open port, many systems do not respond at all to an unexpected FIN packet (because it does not correspond to an existing connection). That "no response" behavior becomes the signal the tester uses to suspect the port may be open or filtered. CEH emphasizes that because FIN scans do not perform a handshake, they can be less likely to trigger certain basic connection-based logging, and they generate fewer obvious connection events than TCP Connect scans.
Option D, NULL scan, is also a stealth method, but it uses a packet with no flags set. The question specifically highlights leveraging TCP flags and is commonly mapped in CEH-style questions to FIN scanning as the representative "TCP flag stealth scan." Option B is too generic, and option A is the most detectable. Therefore, FIN scan best aligns with the described stealth reconnaissance strategy.


NEW QUESTION # 146
Encrypted session tokens vary in length, indicating inconsistent encryption strength. What is the best mitigation?

Answer: D

Explanation:
CEH v13 explains that cryptographic consistency is essential for secure session management. Variable token lengths can leak information about encryption methods, key sizes, or user privilege levels, making sessions vulnerable to cryptanalysis or targeted attacks.
The most effective mitigation is implementing uniform encryption strength across all roles, ensuring consistent key sizes, algorithms, and token formats. While MFA improves authentication and key rotation improves lifecycle management, neither directly resolves cryptographic inconsistency.
CEH v13 stresses that encryption should be role-agnostic and standardized. Therefore, Option C is correct.


NEW QUESTION # 147
Andrew is an Ethical Hacker who was assigned the task of discovering all the active devices hidden by a restrictive firewall in the IPv4 range in a given target network.
Which of the following host discovery techniques must he use to perform the given task?

Answer: D

Explanation:
One of the most common Nmap usage scenarios is scanning an Ethernet LAN. Most LANs, especially those that use the private address range granted by RFC 1918, do not always use the overwhelming majority of IP addresses. When Nmap attempts to send a raw IP packet, such as an ICMP echo request, the OS must determine a destination hardware (ARP) address, such as the target IP, so that the Ethernet frame can be properly addressed. .. This is required to issue a series of ARP requests. This is best illustrated by an example where a ping scan is attempted against an Area Ethernet host. The -send-ip option tells Nmap to send IP-level packets (rather than raw Ethernet), even on area networks. The Wireshark output of the three ARP requests and their timing have been pasted into the session.
Raw IP ping scan example for offline targetsThis example took quite a couple of seconds to finish because the (Linux) OS sent three ARP requests at 1 second intervals before abandoning the host. Waiting for a few seconds is excessive, as long as the ARP response usually arrives within a few milliseconds. Reducing this timeout period is not a priority for OS vendors, as the overwhelming majority of packets are sent to the host that actually exists. Nmap, on the other hand, needs to send packets to 16 million IP s given a target like
10.0.0.0/8. Many targets are pinged in parallel, but waiting 2 seconds each is very delayed.
There is another problem with raw IP ping scans on the LAN. If the destination host turns out to be unresponsive, as in the previous example, the source host usually adds an incomplete entry for that destination IP to the kernel ARP table. ARP tablespaces are finite and some operating systems become unresponsive when full. If Nmap is used in rawIP mode (-send-ip), Nmap may have to wait a few minutes for the ARP cache entry to expire before continuing host discovery.
ARP scans solve both problems by giving Nmap the highest priority. Nmap issues raw ARP requests and handles retransmissions and timeout periods in its sole discretion. The system ARP cache is bypassed. The example shows the difference. This ARP scan takes just over a tenth of the time it takes for an equivalent IP.
Example b ARP ping scan of offline target
In example b, neither the -PR option nor the -send-eth option has any effect. This is often because ARP has a default scan type on the Area Ethernet network when scanning Ethernet hosts that Nmap discovers. This includes traditional wired Ethernet as 802.11 wireless networks. As mentioned above, ARP scanning is not only more efficient, but also more accurate. Hosts frequently block IP-based ping packets, but usually cannot block ARP requests or responses and communicate over the network.Nmap uses ARP instead of all targets on equivalent targets, even if different ping types (such as -PE and -PS) are specified. LAN.. If you do not need to attempt an ARP scan at all, specify -send-ip as shown in Example a "Raw IP Ping Scan for Offline Targets".
If you give Nmap control to send raw Ethernet frames, Nmap can also adjust the source MAC address. If you have the only PowerBook in your security conference room and a large ARP scan is initiated from an Apple- registered MAC address, your head may turn to you. Use the -spoof-mac option to spoof the MAC address as described in the MAC Address Spoofing section.


NEW QUESTION # 148
......

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